Citizenship by investment countries & programs list in 2024

Different Types of Investment Options

For those interested in securing citizenship through investment, several pathways are available. Each offers unique advantages depending on personal financial goals, mobility needs, and long-term plans. Let’s explore some of the most common types of investment options that countries offer as part of their Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programs.

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1. Real Estate Investment

Investing in real estate is one of the most popular routes for obtaining citizenship. By purchasing approved properties in residential or commercial sectors, investors not only gain citizenship but often have the opportunity to generate rental income or see capital appreciation over time. Countries like Dominica, Antigua, and St. Kitts and Nevis allow investors to qualify for citizenship by investing in real estate valued at $200,000 or more. Additionally, many programs permit shared ownership in larger developments. For countries like Turkey and Egypt, real estate investments come with fewer restrictions, providing investors with flexibility in their choice of property.

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2. Non-Refundable Contribution

This option involves making a financial donation to a government fund, usually for development or social projects. It is a straightforward way to obtain citizenship, though the funds are non-refundable. The donation amounts vary by country. For example, St. Lucia offers entry starting at $100,000, while Moldova requires a donation of at least €100,000. This route is often chosen by those who seek a quick and uncomplicated process without the long-term involvement that comes with property ownership.

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3. Business Investment

Investing in a business is another viable route to citizenship. Many countries encourage foreign direct investment to foster economic growth and job creation. For example, Antigua and Barbuda offer business investment options requiring $1.5 million, though shared investments in ventures worth $5 million or more are also possible. In Turkey, business investment can involve the creation of at least 50 jobs for local citizens, thus contributing to the local economy.

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4. Bank Deposit

Several countries, including Turkey and Egypt, allow investors to secure citizenship by depositing a significant sum in a local bank. This method involves making a refundable deposit, typically held for a set period (often three years). During this period, the investor does not earn any interest or financial return on the deposit. For instance, Turkey requires a bank deposit of $500,000 for citizenship.

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5. Government Bond Investment

Another secure route is investing in government bonds. This option functions similarly to a bank deposit but often comes with a lower risk, as government bonds are backed by the country’s treasury. Investors can expect their capital to be returned after a defined holding period, without any interest accrued. Countries like St. Lucia offer this option with a $300,000 bond purchase.

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Choosing the Right Option

Selecting the best investment route depends on your financial situation, how involved you want to be in the local economy, and your future plans. Some investors prefer real estate for potential returns, while others opt for non-refundable contributions for a quicker and simpler process.

Cost and Minimum Investment Amount

The required investment amounts for Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programs vary depending on the country and the type of investment chosen. Many countries offer multiple investment routes, and the minimum required investment is influenced by factors such as the region, economic goals, and the nature of the investment (real estate, government bonds, or business). For many Caribbean programs, the investment minimum starts as low as $100,000, typically involving non-refundable donations to a national development fund. Investors seeking real estate options usually need to contribute around $200,000, specifically for government-approved property developments. European programs, however, generally have higher thresholds. For example, Malta requires a minimum investment of €690,000, making it one of the more expensive options for European citizenship. Moldova, on the other hand, has a lower requirement, with a €100,000 contribution to their national fund, though this does not provide EU citizenship. Some investment options, such as those involving real estate or bank deposits, have a higher financial threshold, usually requiring a holding period of at least five years to ensure long-term involvement and commitment to the country’s economy. The decision on which route to take depends on financial goals, long-term plans, and the desired benefits of the citizenship program.

Citizenship Planning: Who Applies for Citizenship by Investment?

Contrary to popular belief, it’s not just the ultra-wealthy or large corporations that pursue Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programs. In recent years, the accessibility of these programs has expanded, attracting a wide range of applicants from diverse backgrounds. People choose citizenship by investment for a variety of reasons, ranging from personal safety and security to financial benefits and global mobility.

Business Owners

Entrepreneurs often seek second citizenship to unlock new markets and business opportunities. Having a second passport can simplify conducting business across borders, providing ease of travel and the ability to live or operate in a new country. Additionally, many business owners take advantage of favorable tax policies in the host country, which may offer relief from capital gains, inheritance, or income tax.

Investors

For investors, safeguarding assets is a priority, and obtaining second citizenship can offer enhanced security. Diversifying assets across multiple countries provides protection from potential risks in a single jurisdiction. Investment opportunities, such as real estate in key markets, also allow investors to grow their portfolio while gaining the benefits of citizenship.

Expats

In an era of increasing uncertainty, many expats and individuals living abroad opt for CBI programs to ensure personal security and gain greater freedom. A second passport grants access to a higher standard of living and the ability to live in countries with stronger legal protections. Additionally, for those who frequently travel, a second passport can eliminate visa barriers.

Retirees

Retirees often choose to invest in citizenship programs to ensure a more stable and tax-efficient retirement. By acquiring citizenship in a country with favorable tax laws, retirees can maximize their income and savings. Moreover, many retirees are drawn to countries offering property investment opportunities, allowing them to enjoy a new lifestyle in a foreign destination while benefiting from citizenship advantages.

Processing Times for Citizenship by Investment

Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programs are known for offering a fast-track route to obtaining citizenship and a second passport. However, the exact processing times can vary depending on the country and the specific investment path chosen. In the Caribbean, programs tend to offer some of the quickest processing times. For example, St. Lucia and St. Kitts and Nevis allow applicants to secure citizenship within three to six months, making them some of the fastest available options. This efficiency appeals to investors who are seeking rapid access to the benefits of a second citizenship. Other programs, such as those in Vanuatu, offer an even quicker path, where investors who contribute $130,000 to the national development fund can gain citizenship in as little as 60 days. On the other hand, programs in Europe tend to have longer processing times due to stricter regulations and background checks. For example, Malta‘s Citizenship by Naturalization for Exceptional Services takes at least 12 months to complete, reflecting the more rigorous scrutiny and higher investment thresholds associated with European citizenship programs. In summary, while the Caribbean and Pacific nations typically offer quicker routes, European countries provide a longer but more comprehensive process, with added benefits such as access to the European Union.

Requirements for Citizenship by Investment

Acquiring citizenship through investment is a well-structured process that ensures only qualified individuals are granted a second nationality. Each program comes with a specific set of prerequisites designed to ensure that applicants meet both financial and character requirements.

Investment

The core of most Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programs is the direct foreign investment made by the applicant. This can take the form of:

• Real estate purchases,
• Non-refundable donations to national development funds,
• Government bond purchases,
• Business investments, or
• Job creation initiatives.

Once the minimum required capital investment is made, the applicant becomes eligible for citizenship, provided they meet other qualifying conditions.

Residency

Some CBI programs require a residency period before granting full citizenship, although this is often waived in exchange for higher financial contributions. For countries that do impose residency requirements, applicants may need to spend a certain number of days per year in the host country before receiving their passport.

Character

To ensure the integrity of their programs, countries also impose strict character requirements on applicants. These typically include:

• Being over 18 years of age,
• Holding a clean criminal record,
• Being in good health, and
• Not having ties to prohibited or sanctioned nations.

Other Prerequisites

Depending on the country and specific program, additional requirements may include:

• Paying government fees,
• Holding investments for a minimum period (usually 5 years),
• Proof of sufficient savings or financial stability,
• A strong professional background, and
• Not having been previously denied entry to certain countries.

By adhering to these requirements, applicants demonstrate their commitment to positively contributing to the host country’s economy and society, ensuring a streamlined process towards obtaining citizenship.

Step-by-Step Guide to Applying for Citizenship by Investment

1. Research Programs: Start by exploring various Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programs. Evaluate the investment opportunities, the processing times, and additional benefits, such as visa-free travel and economic stability. Ensure the program aligns with both your financial capacity and your long-term goals for you and your family.
2. Select the Best Option: Once you’ve reviewed the programs, choose the one that best matches your preferences and investment threshold. This decision should take into account factors such as global mobility, tax benefits, and future residency plans.
3. Consult a Professional: Engage with a licensed agent or advisor specializing in citizenship by investment. Their expertise will guide you through the complexities of the process, ensuring you meet eligibility criteria and submit the necessary documents correctly.
4. Prepare Required Documents: Gather essential documents, including proof of identity, bank statements, and financial records. Additionally, provide documents verifying your source of funding, passport copies, and clean criminal records. A licensed agent can assist with any other documentation that may be required.
5. Make the Investment: Once your documents are in order, proceed with the required investment, which could involve purchasing real estate, contributing to government funds, or making business investments. Ensure that you retain all receipts and records to prove that the investment criteria have been met.
6. Submit Your Application: Complete and submit your citizenship application along with all necessary documents and proof of your investment to the appropriate government authority. Pay the required application fees to ensure your submission is processed.
7. Wait for Due Diligence: After submission, your application will undergo a thorough due diligence process. The time required for approval varies depending on the country and the complexity of the application.
8. Receive Approval: Once your application is approved, you will be issued a certificate of citizenship by the relevant authorities.
9. Obtain Your Passport: After receiving your citizenship certificate, you can apply for a passport in your new country of citizenship, granting you the full rights and privileges of a citizen.

Legalities of Citizenship by Investment (CBI)

The legal framework surrounding Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programs is intertwined with both national sovereignty and international law, adding a level of complexity to these schemes. Each program operates under the specific laws of the offering nation, but it must also align with international standards and agreements, especially as they relate to issues like security, money laundering, and financial integrity. Key legal considerations in CBI programs include rigorous due diligence processes to ensure that applicants meet the program’s security and financial requirements. This is crucial for preventing issues such as money laundering and ensuring compliance with global financial standards. Countries offering CBI must strike a balance between protecting their sovereignty and meeting international obligations. For example, globalization and increasing cross-border movement have led international bodies, like the European Union, to scrutinize CBI programs more closely. Certain countries, such as the UK, have taken measures like withdrawing visa-free access for passport holders of nations that are perceived to have lax CBI regulations. Ensuring that CBI programs meet both domestic goals and international legal expectations is critical. Countries must carefully design their programs to align with global anti-money laundering laws, prevent tax evasion, and maintain transparency. Ultimately, a well-structured legal framework enables CBI programs to contribute to economic growth while preserving national and international integrity. Countries must continuously adapt their CBI programs to maintain credibility on the global stage, addressing concerns raised by international bodies while offering robust due diligence processes.

CBI and Dual Citizenship

When considering Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programs, one important factor to evaluate is how it affects dual citizenship. Each country has its own policies regarding whether dual citizenship is permitted. Many nations that offer CBI programs allow dual citizenship, enabling investors to retain their original nationality while acquiring a second one. However, some countries, like Austria, require individuals to renounce their previous citizenship before they can become Austrian citizens. While dual citizenship can provide increased mobility and legal benefits, it’s essential to review both your current country’s laws and the regulations of the country you’re investing in, as the requirements and benefits may vary widely.

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How World of Citizen Can Help

At World of Citizen, we specialize in guiding investors through the complex process of obtaining second citizenship through CBI programs. Whether you are seeking enhanced global mobility, a better quality of life, or improved financial security, our team of experts is here to assist. We offer tailored advice on the best CBI programs suited to your personal and financial goals, ensuring a smooth application process. From selecting the right investment option to handling the necessary documentation, we manage every step, making it easier for you to unlock the benefits of a second passport. Contact us today to begin your journey toward a more secure and flexible future through citizenship by investment.